Mythology

Tongbi Shenhou

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Tradition: Chinese Mythology
Alternative Names: Tongbei Ape, Tongbi Yuanhou, 通臂猿猴
Category: Monkey

The Myth

The Tongbi Shenhou is a legendary ape traditionally associated with the gibbon, whose unusually long arms allow it to climb, swing, and leap between trees with remarkable agility. Its arms extend below its knees, making it a distinctive figure among mythical primates. The characteristics of this ape also inspired the principles of Tongbi Quan, a Chinese martial art that studies the creature’s physical abilities and movements rather than simply copying its actions.

In Journey to the West, the Tongbi Shenhou is counted among the Four Divine Monkeys, alongside the Lingming Stone Monkey, the Chikou Horse Monkey, and the Six-Eared Macaque. It possesses extraordinary supernatural abilities, including grasping the sun and moon, shrinking vast mountains, discerning fortune and misfortune, and manipulating the workings of the universe. These powers place it among the remarkable beings whose abilities reach far beyond those of ordinary monkeys.

In the television adaptation Journey to the West II, starring Benny Chan, the Tongbi Shenhou calls himself the Chaotian Dasheng, or Great Sage Who Defies Heaven.

Sources

“Tongbi Macaque” (通臂猿猴). Chinese Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed October 20, 2026. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%87%82%E7%8C%BF%E7%8C%B4

Butatsch Cun Ilgs

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Tradition: Swiss Mythology
Alternative Names: Butatsch Cun Ilgs, Cow’s Stomach, Monster of Lüschersee
Category: Mollusc

The Myth

Butatsch Cun Ilgs, whose name means “Cow’s Stomach,” is a monstrous creature said to inhabit Lüschersee, a small alpine lake in Graubünden, Switzerland. According to legend, the lake reaches all the way to the center of the Earth, where eternal fires burn beneath its waters. The creature resembles an enormous cow’s stomach covered in thousands of eyes. These eyes possess hypnotic powers, and when they focus on a single point, they unleash flames so intense that they can melt bone.

Long ago, a group of cruel noblemen returned from an ibex hunt and found cattle and sheep grazing peacefully beside the lake. For amusement, they slaughtered the animals and drove the survivors into the water to drown, while the helpless shepherds watched. Suddenly, the lake began to foam and bubble, and Butatsch Cun Ilgs hauled itself onto the shore. Mesmerized by its countless eyes, the noblemen stood helpless as the enormous mass trampled and crushed them all. The creature then slipped back into the lake, leaving the shepherds terrified but unharmed. Its appearance became a tale of supernatural vengeance against those who abused their power and tormented the innocent.

Butatsch Cun Ilgs is said to have emerged from Lüschersee only three times, with a century separating each appearance. During its second emergence, it carved out the rapids of the Nolla River as it moved across the land. Its third appearance occurred during a terrifying thunderstorm, when it slithered through a stream, tore apart its banks, triggered massive landslides, and created deep ravines. This final manifestation became known as the starmentusa notg, or “Night of Terror.” The monster has not been seen since, but shepherds still claim that an eerie bellow sometimes rises above the lake’s quiet waters. When they hear it, they say, “The Lüschersee roars,” and hurry to bring in their hay.

Sources

“Butatsch Cun Ilgs.” A Book of Creatures, September 23, 2015. https://abookofcreatures.com/2015/09/23/butatsch-cun-ilgs/

Kraken

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Tradition: Norwegian Mythology
Alternative Names: Kraken, Krake, Hafgufa
Category: Mollusc

The Myth

The Kraken is a gigantic sea monster said to inhabit the waters off the coast of Norway, particularly the Norwegian Sea. It is commonly imagined as an enormous octopus or squid capable of dragging ships and sailors beneath the waves. Its immense size and deadly reputation made it one of the most feared creatures in sailors’ legends. Some accounts describe it as so vast that its appearance could be mistaken for an island or a great mass rising from the ocean, although descriptions of its exact form and size vary.

The Kraken became especially notorious for its supposed ability to attack ships. Sailors feared that the creature might seize a vessel with its powerful tentacles and pull it into the depths. Stories of enormous sea creatures were associated with sightings of giant squid, which can grow to considerable lengths. The Kraken also became connected in some accounts with the hafgufa, a legendary sea monster described in medieval Scandinavian writings as one of the largest creatures inhabiting northern waters. The hafgufa was said to live in the Greenland Sea, and some later writers treated the two monsters as the same being, although this identification remains uncertain.

The Kraken gradually became a familiar figure in European tales of the sea. It appeared in accounts of northern maritime wonders and later inspired depictions of enormous, man-hunting cephalopods in literature. In some medieval descriptions, the hafgufa’s behaviour was more reminiscent of a whale than an octopus, and the creature’s name has been interpreted as meaning something like “sea reeker.” Nevertheless, the Kraken is most strongly associated with the image of a colossal squid or octopus lurking beneath the waves, a terrifying explanation for the mysterious dangers of the open sea.

Sources

“Kraken.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed October 20, 2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraken#Mythical_identifications

Akkorokamui

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Tradition: Japanese Mythology
Alternative Names: Atkor Kamuy, Atkorkamuy, Akkoro Kamui
Category: Mollusc

The Myth

Akkorokamui is a gigantic red octopus deity that inhabits Uchiura Bay in Hokkaido, Japan. When it spreads its tentacles, its enormous body is said to cover an area of more than a hectare. It is large enough to swallow boats and even whales whole. Its brilliant red coloration is so intense that, when it rises from the water, the sea and sky appear to turn deep red. As a powerful water deity and the lord of Uchiura Bay, Akkorokamui inspires both reverence and fear.

Ships that venture too close to the creature risk being swallowed whole. For generations, local people have avoided the water whenever the sea and sky turn red. Fishermen and sailors who have no choice but to venture out carry scythes for protection against the enormous being. Its name derives from the Ainu name Atkor Kamuy, often interpreted as “string-holding kamuy,” referring to its long, string-like tentacles. The word kamuy denotes a divine or spiritual being in Ainu belief.

According to legend, Akkorokamui was once a gigantic spider named Yaushikep that lived in the mountains near the village of Rebunge. Its enormous red body covered more than a hectare, and one day it descended from the mountains and began rampaging through the village, shaking the earth and destroying everything in its path. The terrified villagers prayed for help, and Repun Kamuy, the god of the sea, answered their pleas. He dragged Yaushikep into Uchiura Bay, where the monstrous spider transformed into a gigantic octopus. From then on, it became the divine ruler of the bay, known as Atkor Kamuy, or Akkorokamui.

Sources

“Akkorokamui.” Yokai.com. https://yokai.com/akkorokamui/

Lagarfljót Serpent

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Tradition: Icelandic Mythology
Alternative Names: Lagarfljótsormur, Lagarfljót Worm, Vatnaormur
Category: Mollusc

The Myth

Iceland is said to be home to numerous vatnaormar, or water serpents, monstrous creatures that inhabit lakes and rivers. Among the most famous is the Lagarfljót Serpent, a gigantic beast that dwells in Lagarfljót Lake near the Herad region of eastern Iceland. Its origins began when a woman gave her daughter a golden ring and suggested that she place it beneath a lyngorm, a small slug-like creature whose name literally means “heath snake.” Within days, the creature had grown so enormous that it burst through the linen box in which it was kept. Terrified, the girl threw the box, serpent, and ring into Lagarfljót.

The serpent continued to grow until it became large enough to prey on people and livestock. It could also spew venom across the surrounding land, making it a danger to anyone living nearby. Eventually, a powerful figure was summoned to subdue it. Accounts differ on whether this was Bishop Guðmundur Arason, two Sámi sorcerers, or a poet empowered by magic. Whoever confronted the monster discovered that it was too powerful to kill. Instead, they bound it with ropes tied around its neck and tail, trapping it at the bottom of the lake. The serpent remains there, although it occasionally arches its back above the water. Such appearances are regarded as ill omens, and the creature has reportedly been sighted in several different years, including 1479, 1555, 1594, 1749–1750, and 1819.

Descriptions of the Lagarfljót Serpent vary. It has appeared as an enormous snake with humps or spikes along its back, as a monstrous horse, or as a creature that stretches onto the riverbanks while releasing great quantities of poison. A geographical map of Iceland from 1590 reportedly warned that a huge monster inhabited the lake, threatening the surrounding inhabitants and appearing before significant events. The serpent also belongs to a wider tradition in which a snake grows alongside the treasure it guards, a motif found in the saga of Ragnar Lodbrok.

Other Icelandic waters are said to harbor similar monsters. The serpent of Skorradalsvatn has a story almost identical to that of the Lagarfljót creature and may represent an older version of the same legend. Other reported water serpents include the striped, cat-headed creature of Hvalvatn; the enormous, brightly colored or striped serpents of the Hvítá River; the black serpent of Kleifarvatn, said to measure 30–40 meters; and the multicolored serpent of the Skaftá River. Even the dry land around Surtshellir is associated with a mysterious serpent.

Sources

“Vatnaormur.” A Book of Creatures, December 21, 2020. https://abookofcreatures.com/2020/12/21/vatnaormur/

Sazae Oni

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Tradition: Japanese Mythology
Alternative Names: Sazae-oni, 栄螺鬼, Turban Snail Demon
Category: Mollusc

The Myth

Sazae oni are monstrous sea-dwelling yōkai associated with turban snails. They inhabit oceans, seas, and coastal areas, appearing on moonlit nights to dance across the water like exotic performers or dragons. Despite their unusual appearance, they are dangerous predators with powerful shapeshifting abilities. They often take the form of beautiful women to deceive unsuspecting sailors, sometimes pretending to be drowning victims who cry out for rescue. Once brought aboard a ship, they reveal their true nature and attack their rescuers. On land, they may disguise themselves as solitary women seeking shelter at inns, only to devour their hosts during the night.

There are several explanations for the origins of Sazae oni. One belief holds that animals gain supernatural powers when they reach a certain age, and that a turban snail becomes a yōkai after living for thirty years. Another story claims that a lustful young woman thrown into the sea transforms into a sea snail and eventually becomes a Sazae oni if she survives long enough.

A famous legend from the Kii Peninsula tells of pirates who spotted a woman apparently drowning at sea. They rescued her, intending to exploit her, unaware that she was a shapeshifted Sazae oni. During the night, she visited each pirate and bit off his testicles. By morning, she had collected them all and demanded the pirates’ treasure in exchange for their return. Desperate to recover what the story calls their “golden balls,” the pirates surrendered their ill-gotten gold. The tale presents Sazae oni as cunning and merciless creatures capable of turning human greed and lust against those who underestimate them.

Sources

“Sazae-oni.” Yokai.com. https://yokai.com/sazaeoni/

Namakusabōzu

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Tradition: Japanese Mythology
Alternative Names: Namakusa Bōzu, 腥坊主
Category: Mollusc

The Myth

Namakusabōzu is a strange octopus yōkai described in the Japanese work Tōsei Koji Tsuke Kaiokoshi. Its name refers to a “rank-smelling monk,” a mocking expression for a hypocritical or disreputable Buddhist priest who disregards religious discipline. The creature is associated with taro digging and the popular belief that octopuses sometimes come ashore to eat yams.

In earlier times, Namakusabōzu supposedly disguised itself as a doctor or tea ceremony instructor to visit pleasure districts, including Shinagawa and the Iroha teahouses of Yanaka. These disguises reflect the story’s mockery of monks who secretly pursued women despite religious vows of celibacy. Doctors and tea masters were suitable disguises because they, like monks, commonly had shaved heads.

In more recent times, however, Namakusabōzu no longer bothers to disguise itself. It appears openly, shaking its bald head and revealing its true identity. Through its transformation into a supernatural octopus, the creature satirizes religious hypocrisy and the efforts of disreputable monks to conceal their worldly appetites.

Sources

“Namagusa Bozu.” 新版TYZ 妖怪図鑑 (New TYZ Yokai Encyclopedia). https://tyz-yokai.blog.jp/archives/1056529974.html

Choco Sai

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Tradition: Japanese Mythology
Alternative Names: Choco, Choco-sai, Choco Rhino
Category: Mollusc

The Myth

Choco Sai is a strange aquatic creature depicted in an Edo-period yōkai picture scroll. It is said to inhabit the waters around Shikoku, Hachijō Island, and Matsumae, with its name varying by region: it is called Choco in Shikoku and Choco-sai around Hachijō Island and Matsumae. The creature has a small, charming appearance and is described as resembling a tiny octopus. When sprinkled with salt and grilled on skewers, it supposedly looks and tastes like dried sardines. One depiction shows six Choco Sai skewered together, while another portrays a creature with a squid-like beak and plate-shaped suckers on its limbs.

Despite its appealing appearance, Choco Sai can be dangerous. Fish that approach to prey on it are bitten and become its victims, while humans who encounter groups of these creatures underwater may also lose their lives. In 1783, a person in Matsumae reportedly encountered a school of Choco Sai and approached by boat, intending to catch and eat them. The creatures appeared unwilling to flee, but closer inspection revealed that they were being sucked up and eaten by people underwater.

A man named Sōzō from Nagiri Village in Iyo Province was said to have survived three life-threatening experiences. One occurred at Obama in Matsumae, where he was stung by a Choco Sai and suffered severe swelling and pain throughout his body for about a month. He eventually recovered naturally, but it was later claimed that applying spicy oil could immediately cure a Choco Sai sting. The creature remains an unusual and obscure yōkai, known from a surviving picture scroll and a handful of strange tales.

Sources

“Choco-Rhino.” 新版TYZ 妖怪図鑑 (New TYZ Yokai Encyclopedia). https://tyz-yokai.blog.jp/archives/1084332981.html

Hibushimi

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Tradition: Japanese Mythology
Alternative Names: Hibushimi, Kobushime
Category: Mollusc

The Myth

Hibushimi is a supernatural squid associated with a legend from Okinoerabu Island in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. The story tells of Fuefukimatsu, known as the Little Father of the Rock Flute Pine, a lonely man without parents or siblings who spent his days aboard a boat playing the flute. One day, he discovered a kobushime squid by the seashore and had intercourse with it. When he returned to the same place the following day, the squid had disappeared.

Three years later, while Fuefukimatsu was playing his flute on his boat, two children emerged from the sea and called him their father. They explained that their grandparents wished to meet him, and he followed them into the water, carrying the children on his back. They led him to Nira Island, a beautiful undersea paradise, where an elderly man and woman welcomed him warmly as their son-in-law. Fuefukimatsu stayed with them for three days, enjoying their hospitality, before the children told him it was time to return home. He was astonished to learn that three years had passed in the world above while he had been beneath the sea.

Before his departure, the elderly couple asked what gift he desired. Fuefukimatsu requested seeds that would produce crops without being sown, and the old man gave him a shellfish called kujima, also known as hizaragai. Returning to his homeland with the children, Fuefukimatsu discovered that his only field had passed into someone else’s possession during his absence. With no land left to cultivate, he decided to live from the sea. He removed the shell from the kujima while aboard his boat and ate it, but in doing so, he himself became a kujima.

Sources

“Hibushimi.” 新版TYZ 妖怪図鑑 (New TYZ Yokai Encyclopedia). https://tyz-yokai.blog.jp/archives/1070234919.html

Tengai Daiou

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Tradition: Japanese Mythology
Alternative Names: Tengai Daiō, King Tengai, Heavenly Canopy King
Category: Mollusc

The Myth

Tengai Daiou is a gigantic octopus who claims to be the King of Hell. He appears dressed like Enma Daiō, the ruler of the underworld, wearing robes decorated with waves and carrying a wooden implement in place of a sceptre. Despite his grand title and fearsome appearance, Tengai Daiou is an impostor with no rightful connection to the underworld. He secretly plots to kill Enma and seize control of Hell for himself.

His story unfolds when the heroic Asahina Kobayashi, returning from a journey through Hell, overhears children singing about a special realm called Sweet Potato Hell. Having visited the recognised 136 Hells, she regrets missing this additional destination and immediately turns back to investigate. Sweet Potato Hell lies beyond the usual boundaries of the underworld, where the King of the Heavenly Canopy judges the dead of the sweet potato. Its sinners endure punishments inspired by popular beliefs about different varieties of potatoes, including being weighed, grated, peeled, or subjected to unbearable stench. Asahina, a lover of sweet potatoes, feels pity for the suffering vegetables and attacks the false ruler with a gigantic medicinal kettle taken from the Scorching Hell.

Asahina captures Tengai Daiou and brings him before the true King Enma, who is furious at the impostor’s attempt to fabricate a Hell and usurp his authority. He sentences the octopus to an iron prison, where it is boiled in the Scorching Hell and transformed into the cooked octopus known as yakuko, which Asahina receives as a souvenir. The tale plays humorously on the traditional belief that octopuses eat sweet potatoes, as well as the slang term tengai, used by Buddhist monks to refer to an octopus.

Sources

“Tengai Daio.” 新版TYZ 妖怪図鑑 (New TYZ Yokai Encyclopedia). https://tyz-yokai.blog.jp/archives/1010655116.html