Barlemanje

Tradition: Dutch Mythology
Alternative Names: Barele Man, Brandend Manje, Brandend Zeigertje
Category: Flame


The Myth

The Barlemanje is a mysterious fire spirit from Holland, appearing as a small ball of fire or a wandering light. It travels from place to place as a glowing flame, an eerie sight in the darkness.

The Barlemanje is known for pursuing people who encounter it. According to tradition, someone being chased by this fiery apparition could escape by throwing a handkerchief onto the ground. The Barlemanje would then settle upon the handkerchief, allowing the pursued person to get away.


Sources

Abe de Verteller. (2014). Van aardmannetje tot zwarte juffer: Een lijst van Nederlandse en Vlaamse elfen en geesten. In AbeDeVerteller.nl, from https://abedeverteller.nl/van-aardmannetje-tot-zwarte-juffer-een-lijst-van-nederlandse-en-vlaamse-elfen-en-geesten/


Pygmeentjes

Tradition: Dutch Mythology
Alternative Names: Pygmies, Keutelduimke, Little Thumb
Category: Dwarf


The Myth

The Pygmeentjes were malformed dwarfs with hunched backs who were highly skilled in magic. They were not inherently good or evil, and could either help people or cause them harm. Their supernatural abilities also allowed them to transform themselves into a horsefly.

A horsefly buzzing persistently around someone was therefore considered a bad sign, for it could be a Pygmeentje in disguise. These strange dwarfs belonged to the magical world of Dutch folklore, where their powers could be used for either benevolent or malicious purposes.


Sources

“Aardmannetje tot zwarte juffer: een lijst van Nederlandse en Vlaamse elfen en geesten.” Abe de Verteller. Accessed October 4, 2026.
https://abedeverteller.nl/van-aardmannetje-tot-zwarte-juffer-een-lijst-van-nederlandse-en-vlaamse-elfen-en-geesten/


Dragon of Gelre

Tradition: Dutch Mythology
Alternative Names: De Draak van Gelre, Gelderse Draak
Category: Dragon


The Myth

A fearsome dragon lived beneath an ancient medlar tree. It terrorized the surrounding countryside, seizing both people and animals and tearing them apart. The dragon’s terrible cry was always the same: “Gelre, Gelre!”

Lupold and Wichard, sons of Otto, lord of Pont, heard of the beast and set out to destroy it. Beneath the old medlar tree they found the dragon and confronted it. After a fierce struggle, the brothers succeeded in killing the monster.

Where the dragon had been slain, the brothers founded a castle and named it Gelre, after the strange cry that had come from the dragon’s mouth.

Lupold later died without children, and his younger brother Wichard succeeded him. Wichard was married to a daughter of Zutphen, sometimes named Margaretha, daughter of Herman of Hameland. From that time onward he bore three medlar flowers in his coat of arms, preserving the memory of the dragon that had been defeated beneath the ancient medlar tree.


Sources

“De draak van Gelre.” Mijn Gelderland. Accessed September 30, 2026. https://mijngelderland.nl/inhoud/verhalen/de-draak-van-gelre


Bokkenrijder

Tradition: Belgian Mythology, Dutch Mythology
Alternative Names: –
Category: Sheep


The Myth

The Bokkenrijders were spirits who rode through the night sky upon goats. Mounted on their supernatural steeds, they could fly through the air by reciting a magical formula:

“Over huis, over tuin, over staak en dat tot Keulen in de wijnkelder!”

Once a year, the Bokkenrijders were said to ride to the Mookerheide, where they gathered to honor their master, the Devil.

The fear surrounding these spectral riders later became entangled with a very real band of robbers who operated throughout Limburg during the eighteenth century and called themselves Bokkenrijders as well. They appear to have exploited the existing fear of the supernatural riders. After being tortured, members of these gangs confessed to the most horrifying deeds, including having made a pact with the Devil and being able to fly through the air on the backs of goats.

More than 180 of these accused Bokkenrijders were eventually sentenced to death. Thus the name came to describe both the legendary spirits who supposedly crossed the night sky on goats and the eighteenth-century criminals who were accused of being their human counterparts.


Sources

“Aardmannetje tot zwarte juffer: een lijst van Nederlandse en Vlaamse elfen en geesten.” Abe de Verteller. Accessed September 30, 2026. https://abedeverteller.nl/van-aardmannetje-tot-zwarte-juffer-een-lijst-van-nederlandse-en-vlaamse-elfen-en-geesten/


Vurige Wagen

Tradition: Belgian Mythology, Dutch Mythology
Alternative Names: Korenwagen, Gloeiende Wagen, Hellewagen, Spookwagen
Category: Object


The Myth

The Vurige Wagen is a glowing, fiery coach that appears at night, usually between midnight and one o’clock. It is drawn by black or invisible horses and sometimes rises into the air, racing through the darkness with an infernal roar.

Inside the coach, blood-red lights glow ominously, while the coachman himself shines with heat and spits fire. The terrifying vehicle is said to be the punishment of wealthy sinners who exploited and oppressed ordinary people during their lives.

One late-night traveller once heard the dreadful carriage thundering toward him. As the noise grew louder, he expected the fiery vehicle to rush past him, but when it came close, it suddenly vanished. Only a few metres farther away did it appear again, continuing its supernatural journey through the night.

The Vurige Wagen could also be understood as the restless spirit of a dissolute nobleman, condemned after death to drive eternally through the darkness in his blazing coach.


Sources

Reuland, Heinrich Adolph. Luxemburger Volksbücher: Geschichten und Sagen aus dem luxemburger Volksleben. Luxemburg: St. Paulus-Dr., 1892.


Zeekalf

Tradition: Dutch Mythology
Alternative Names: Zeekalf
Category: Cow


The Myth

The Zeekalf is an enormous sea monster from the folklore of Harderwijk. It has fiery eyes, a drooling mouth, and legs resembling those of a bat.

Sailors who swear too much may cause the creature to appear aboard their ship. Once the Zeekalf has come aboard, however, there is a way to drive it away. If the sailors pray to God, the devilish creature will flee from them.


Sources

“Van aardmannetje tot zwarte juffer: Een lijst van Nederlandse en Vlaamse elfen en geesten.” Abe de Verteller. Accessed August 30, 2026. https://abedeverteller.nl/van-aardmannetje-tot-zwarte-juffer-een-lijst-van-nederlandse-en-vlaamse-elfen-en-geesten/


Plaagbeest

Tradition: Dutch Mythology
Alternative names: Pleachbist, Blaffert, Pestdier
Category: Cow


The Myth

The Plaagbeest is a supernatural creature said to appear in the darkness and follow people or allow itself to be carried by them. As it remains with its victim, it can become extraordinarily heavy, making it increasingly difficult to carry.

It is commonly described as either a black calf with large eyes and long ears, or as a black, shaggy dog with sparkling eyes and a long tail.

The Plaagbeest is often found hiding in barns, particularly high up on the beams. It has a peculiar habit of clapping its ears together, producing a barking-like sound. Because of this, it is also known as the Blaffert.

Although the creature frightens people terribly, its presence is considered more dangerous because it can bring the plague and other diseases to both humans and animals.

There is, however, a simple way to appease it. Offering the Plaagbeest a piece of rye bread is said to make it leave the person alone.


Sources

“Van aardmannetje tot zwarte juffer: Een lijst van Nederlandse en Vlaamse elfen en geesten.” Abe de Verteller. Accessed August 29, 2026. https://abedeverteller.nl/van-aardmannetje-tot-zwarte-juffer-een-lijst-van-nederlandse-en-vlaamse-elfen-en-geesten/


Mulderskat

Tradition / Region: Dutch Mythology
Alternative names: Miller’s Cat, Witch Cat
Category: Cat


The Myth

The Mulderskat appears as a large black cat with glowing yellow or green eyes. Unlike an ordinary cat, it can speak in a human voice and serves as the animal form of a witch. Although it behaves like a normal feline, injuries inflicted upon the cat are reflected on the witch after she resumes her human form.

According to the legend, a miller living in Veendam could never keep a farmhand for very long. Every servant eventually abandoned the mill because the miller’s wife was secretly believed to be a witch.

One night, a new farmhand climbed onto the mill to turn its cap into the wind. There he found a large cat sitting in the darkness, its eyes shining brightly. To his surprise, the cat spoke to him, warning him that the Wicked Bonde would soon arrive.

Unlike the previous servants, the young man was not afraid. Realizing that the strange animal was a witch in disguise, he grabbed a piece of wood and struck the cat with a powerful blow. Crying out in pain, the cat fled into the darkness.

The following morning, the miller’s wife could not get out of bed. Her head was heavily bandaged, bearing the same wound that the cat had received the night before. Forced to explain herself, she admitted that she had inherited witchcraft from her mother and begged the doctor to free her from the curse.

The doctor knew of an old remedy. On a dark evening, the woman had to travel to the Wildeveld, where three ancient hollow willow trees stood beside a meadow. Wearing a gray woolen cap, she had to lure a mysterious owl that lived inside one of the hollow trees. The owl had to scratch the cap from her head, for only then could the witchcraft be removed.

After recovering from her wounds, the miller’s wife followed the doctor’s instructions. She went to the old willow trees and whistled until the owl landed on her cap and clawed it from her head. The owl immediately carried the cap into its hollow tree and disappeared.

No one ever discovered what became of the cap, but from that day onward, the miller’s wife was cured of her witchcraft, and the strange speaking Mulderskat was never seen again.


Sources

Ter Laan, K. Groninger volksleven. I. Verhalende folklore. Groningen: J.B. Wolters, 1959. 1st ed.


Brommende Katten

Tradition / Region: Dutch Mythology
Alternative names: Demonic Cats, Witch Cats
Category: Cat


The Myth

The Brommende Katten appear as two unusually large and aggressive cats that block lonely roads after dark. They refuse to move aside, attack anyone who challenges them, and possess supernatural strength far beyond that of ordinary cats. Like many spectral animals in Dutch folklore, they can only be driven away by silver.

According to the legend, a farmhand was returning home late one evening to his farm near Hoeksmeer when he found two large cats sitting in the middle of the road. The animals growled continuously and refused to let him pass, as though the road belonged entirely to them.

Growing impatient, the farmhand picked up a stone to drive them away, but it had no effect. Instead, one cat leapt directly at his chest while the other clung to his trousers. He drew his iron knife to defend himself, but the weapon proved completely useless against the creatures. The cats were so fierce that he feared they would tear him apart.

In desperation, he searched his pockets and found nothing except a single silver quarter coin. The moment he grasped the coin, the situation changed. The cats suddenly lost their courage and fled as quickly as they had appeared.

The farmhand later learned that ordinary iron could not harm such supernatural cats, but silver possessed the power to overcome them. Had he carried a silver knife instead of an iron one, it would have served just as well. Thanks only to the silver coin in his pocket, he escaped the attack of the demonic cats unharmed.


Sources

Ter Laan, K. Groninger volksleven. I. Verhalende folklore. Groningen: J.B. Wolters, 1959. 1st ed.


Swengkat

Tradition / Region: Dutch Mythology
Alternative names: Kat op de Sweng, Swengkat van Slochteren
Category: Cat


The Myth

The Swengkat appeared as a large cat sitting silently on the sweng, the crossbeam above the threshing floor inside a barn. It watched the workers with unusual intelligence, staring as though it understood every word they spoke.

According to a folktale from Slochteren, several men were threshing grain with flails, walking back and forth across the barn floor. Throughout their work, a large cat remained perched on the wooden beam above them. One of the workers remarked that the cat seemed to be listening to everything they said, while another admitted that the animal’s unwavering stare made him uneasy.

When the men passed beneath the beam for the third time, the uneasy worker decided to strike the cat. He swung the wooden head of his flail at the animal, causing it to cry out and flee.

At that exact same moment, elsewhere in the farmhouse, the farmer’s wife was found lying in the front room with a broken leg. The incident was understood as proof that the cat had actually been the woman in the form of a witch, and that the injury inflicted upon the animal had appeared on her real body after she resumed her human shape.


Sources

Ter Laan, K. Groninger volksleven. I. Verhalende folklore. Groningen: J.B. Wolters, 1959. 1st ed.