Fish

Mastopogon

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Tradition / Region: Brazilian Mythology
Alternate Names: Aegomastus, Egomastus; Houperou, Huperus
Category: Fish

The Myth

Sailors off the coast of South America once spoke of a strange fish glimpsed in deep waters, a creature with a beard hanging from its chin like the udder of a goat. Its body bore sharp, pointed fins, and along its back rose a long, threatening spine. Though unnamed at first, this creature would later be called the Mastopogon—the breast-beard.

In the same waters lived a far more feared being, known as the Houperou. It was said to be immense and ravenous, devouring all other sea creatures without mercy, save for one small carp-like fish. This lesser fish followed closely in the Houperou’s shadow, unharmed, protected by the terror its companion inspired. None dared approach the pair.

The Houperou’s skin was rough as sandpaper, like that of a dogfish. Its teeth were sharp, its strength overwhelming. Anyone it seized in the water was attacked, drowned, and torn apart. The coastal peoples, knowing its danger, shot it with arrows whenever it was seen. Some said its true name was uperu, the local word for shark, distorted by foreign tongues.

Over time, the two creatures—Mastopogon and Houperou—became entangled in description and image. Scholars depicted the Houperou as a giant pike, while the Mastopogon gained a name at last. As the years passed, their forms blurred further, until they were scarcely separable.

In later tellings, the Mastopogon was said to be a kind of Houperou, shaped like a salmon with immense thorny fins, its dorsal spine stretching nearly to the tail. The Houperou itself grew stranger still, now bearing the mammary beard beneath its jaw, ear-like knobs upon its head, rough scales, a long spined back, and a straight, powerful tail.

Thus the Mastopogon and the Houperou became one tangled legend: a single terror of the sea, half-bearded monster and half-devouring shark, born from sailors’ fear and the shifting shapes of deep water.

Gallery

Sources

A Book of Creatures contributors. (n.d.). Mastopogon. In A Book of Creatures, from https://abookofcreatures.com/2016/02/26/mastopogon/

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The Fish-Man of Liérganes

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Tradition / Region: Cantabrian mythology, Spanish Mythology
Alternate Names: El Hombre Pez
Category: Fish, Hyrbid

The Myth

In the middle of the seventeenth century, in the village of Liérganes near Santander, there lived a poor widow named María del Casar and her sons. After her husband’s death, she sent one of the boys, Francisco de la Vega Casar, to Bilbao to learn the trade of carpentry.

Francisco lived there for years, strong and skilled, and known as a capable swimmer. On the eve of Saint John’s Day in 1674, he went with friends to swim in the estuary. The river’s currents seized him, and he was carried out toward the open sea. He was last seen swimming away, and all believed he had drowned.

Five years passed.

In 1679, fishermen working the waters of the Bay of Cádiz far to the south found a strange being caught in their nets. It fought with inhuman strength and slipped free more than once. After repeated sightings, they finally captured it by luring it with bread. When they hauled it aboard, they saw that it had the shape of a man: pale-skinned, thin, with reddish hair. Yet its body bore signs of the sea—bands of scales ran from its throat to its belly and along its spine, and slits like gills marked its neck.

Fearing it was a monster, the fishermen brought the being to a nearby Franciscan convent. It was exorcised and questioned in many languages, but it did not respond. After several days, it spoke a single word: “Liérganes.”

No one knew what the word meant, until a sailor from the north recognized it as the name of a village near Santander. Word was sent there, and it was learned that a young red-haired man named Francisco de la Vega had vanished years earlier while swimming in Bilbao.

A friar proposed that the sea-creature might be that same Francisco. With permission, he took the being north. Near Liérganes, the friar released it, and followed as it moved unerringly through the countryside. It led him straight to the house of María del Casar, who recognized the creature as her lost son.

Francisco was taken in and lived quietly with his family. He walked barefoot and showed no shame in nakedness unless clothed by others. He rarely spoke, uttering only a few words without clear purpose. He ate voraciously at times, yet could go many days without food. Gentle and obedient, he performed simple tasks when asked, but without interest or joy.

For nine years he lived in this strange, half-human state. Then one day, he walked to the sea, entered the water, and swam away. He was never seen again.

Gallery

Sources

Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Fish-man. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish-man

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Kingyo-Yūrei

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Tradition / Region: Japanese Mythology
Alternate Names: Goldfish Ghost
Category: Yōkai, Ghost, Fish, Goldfish

The Myth

In an age when grudges were believed to stain the world itself, there lived a woman named Monohana whose life ended in cruelty and betrayal. Bound with rope and murdered unjustly, her resentment did not fade with death. Instead, it clung to what lay closest to her final suffering.

In the water where goldfish swam, her hatred took hold.

The fish, once harmless and beautiful, became vessels for her spirit. Their eyes gleamed with an unnatural light, and their movements grew violent and erratic. From within their small bodies, Monohana’s fury watched and waited.

When the man who had wronged her and the woman who shared his crime drew near, the goldfish surged from their container, water spilling as if driven by invisible hands. The possessed fish attacked without mercy, striking at the guilty as though guided by human will. In their thrashing bodies lived the scream Monohana was denied in death.

Thus the goldfish ghost was born—a yōkai formed not from flesh, but from resentment itself. It is said that wherever goldfish are kept, the memory of betrayed women lingers in the water, and that even the most delicate creatures may carry the weight of unresolved hatred.

Gallery

Sources

TYZ-Yokai Blog contributors. (n.d.). 金魚幽霊 (Kingyo-Yūrei). In TYZ-Yokai Blog, from https://tyz-yokai.blog.jp/archives/1037178954.html

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Mohana

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Tradition / Region: Japanese Mythology
Alternate Names: Monohana
Category: Fish, Goldfish

The Myth

During the reign of Emperor Go-Kōgon, there lived a loyal samurai named Karakoto Uraemon, a retainer of the Shinano guardian Ogushi Jirozaemon. He dwelled with his lawful wife, San, beside the banks of the Chikuma River. Though their life was peaceful, sorrow lingered in the household, for San bore no children despite many years of marriage. Uraemon prayed daily to gods and Buddhas, begging for an heir.

Around this time, goldfish newly arrived from Ming China were admired as rare wonders. Uraemon purchased a pair at great cost for his lord, who rewarded him with a fine sword. The goldfish multiplied, and some were given back to Uraemon, who raised them with devotion until their colors shone red, white, and gold.

Still childless, Uraemon took a concubine, seeking only kindness of heart. He chose a young woman of seventeen, raised in the capital, modest in appearance yet naturally beautiful. He named her Mohana—Weed Flower—and gave her a room in the house. There was no jealousy between San and Mohana, and when Mohana soon became pregnant, joy filled the household.

Soon after, Uraemon was summoned to Kamakura on duty. Before leaving, he told the two women only this: to care well for the goldfish until his return.

While Uraemon was away, San encountered a man named Furutori Minobunta, a handsome but violent youth living nearby. He whispered poison into her ears, claiming that Mohana and Uraemon had long been lovers and were plotting to murder San. At first she doubted him, but forged letters bearing her husband’s hand shattered her trust. Consumed by jealousy and rage, San fell into a secret relationship with Minobunta, who fed her lies and guided her thoughts toward murder.

One day, San lured Mohana—eight months pregnant—into the storehouse. There she abused her, gagged her, stripped her, bound her with rough rope, and beat her with bamboo. Mohana’s face swelled and her body bled, yet she could not scream. For three days she hung there, starving and weak, like a hungry ghost.

At last she escaped and crawled to the goldfish tank, pressing her mouth to the water in desperate thirst. Her cry drew San and Minobunta. Minobunta kicked her, tearing open her womb, and from it a living boy crawled out. Driven mad with jealousy, San strangled the child at once.

Mohana screamed in agony, spat blood, and died.

Her blood flowed into the tank. A fierce wind arose, and the water churned. The goldfish absorbed the blood, their bodies turning the deep crimson of human flesh. Their eyes burned with fury, their bellies swelled, and they thrashed wildly, spitting water as if crying out in wrath.

Minobunta hid the bodies beneath the floor and fled with San into the night. Only a young maid witnessed the truth. Mohana and her child were later buried in secret by Uraemon’s brother.

Unaware, Uraemon labored faithfully in Kamakura. One night, passing a Jizō hall, he saw a woman in white cradling a child. Though gaunt, the face was unmistakably Mohana’s. Shaken, he soon learned the truth by letter and rushed home.

The goldfish swam strangely around him, as if bearing Mohana’s resentment. Uraemon prayed for her soul and released the fish into a temple pond. Through Buddhist teaching, Mohana’s spirit found enlightenment, but the goldfish remained as a warning of cause and effect.

Uraemon became a wandering avenger, seeking Minobunta and San. He eventually met Minobunta on a rainy night, and after a fierce clash, was trampled to death amid pursuing men and horses.

Long after, it is said, the blood-marked goldfish spread through the land, their lineage preserved as living reminders of grief, jealousy, and karmic retribution.

Gallery

Sources

TYZ-Yokai Blog contributors. (n.d.). 毛羽毛現 (Mōhana). In TYZ-Yokai Blog, from https://tyz-yokai.blog.jp/archives/1037132429.html

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Furukawa Namazu

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Tradition / Region: Japanese Mythology
Alternate Names: Furukawa Catfish
Category: Yōkai, Well dweller, Fish, Catfish

The Myth

In the Furukawa River area of Iguchi, there were many ancient wells whose origins were long forgotten. Each of these wells was said to be home to a great catfish, known as the master of the well.

One day, the young men of the village gathered together and spoke of a plan to catch these catfish. Among them sat a single young man no one recognized, who listened quietly as they talked.

That night, carrying torches, the young men went to the old wells to carry out their plan. Yet when they arrived, something was wrong. Though every well was known to have its master, not a single catfish could be found.

As they searched in confusion, one young man leaned over a large old well. Suddenly, he screamed. Startled, the others rushed to look inside, and there they saw many masters of the wells gathered together in one place.

The strangers’ secret had been revealed. One of the catfish had disguised itself as a human, slipped into the village, and overheard their discussion. The masters of the Furukawa wells had assembled to speak of the danger.

From that time on, it is said that the people of this region never again tried to catch catfish from wells.

Gallery

Sources

TYZ-Yokai Blog contributors. (n.d.). 一つ目小僧 (Hitotsume-kozo). In TYZ-Yokai Blog, from https://tyz-yokai.blog.jp/archives/1010655102.html

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Wenyao Fish

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Tradition / Region: Chinese mythology
Alternate Names: —
Category: Fish

The Myth

In the far western lands, at Mount Taiqi where the Guan River is born, there lives a strange fish known as the Wenyao. The river flows westward into the drifting sands, and within these waters the Wenyao make their home.

The Wenyao resembles a carp in shape, yet from its body grow wings like those of a bird. Blue-green patterns flow across its scales, its head is white as bone, and its mouth is red like fresh lacquer. By day it swims through rivers and seas; by night it takes to the air, flying between the Western Sea and the Eastern Sea.

When the Wenyao cries out, its voice is like that of a phoenix calling across the sky. Its flesh is sour and sweet to the taste, and those who eat it are cured of madness and falling sickness. It restores vital energy and replenishes the blood.

When Wenyao appear in abundance, it is taken as a sign that the year will be fruitful and the harvest great.

Gallery

Sources

Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). 文魯魚. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, from https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%B3%90%E9%B1%BC

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Renyu

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Tradition / Region: Chinese Mythology
Alternative names: –
Category: Fish, Mermaid

The Myth

In ancient times, strange beings known as renyu, or human-fish, were said to live in rivers, seas, and distant waters across the world. These creatures were neither fully human nor fully fish, but something in between. They appeared in many regions, especially in remote mountains and waterways where ordinary people rarely traveled.

Some renyu were described as fish with human features, while others had four legs and moved like animals on land. Their voices were said to sound like crying infants, a sound that echoed eerily across rivers and valleys. Though strange and unsettling, renyu were not always hostile. In certain places, eating the flesh of a renyu was believed to cure illnesses of the mind, restoring clarity and reason to those afflicted.

One well-known renyu lived in the Bursting River near Dragon-Marquis Mountain. This creature resembled a large fish, yet possessed limbs and a human-like voice. It lingered in deep waters, surfacing only rarely. Those who heard its cry often mistook it for a child in distress.

Renyu were also said to produce a mysterious oil. This substance burned with an unusually steady flame, and lamps fueled by it were believed to last for an exceptionally long time. Because of this, renyu oil was treasured and used in sacred and imperial places.

Stories also tell of female renyu who appeared as beautiful women living on remote islands or cliffs by the sea. These beings could take human form and live among people. In one tale, a man married such a woman, lived peacefully with her, and fathered children. She protected him, taught him survival skills, and shielded him from danger. But when the man was taken away from the island against his will, the renyu revealed her true nature in grief and fury, casting their children into the sea and vanishing forever.

In another story, a traveler was captured by two mysterious women on an island. They fed him daily and kept him alive, yet he felt suspended between life and death. When he learned too much about their hidden powers, they fled into the sky, abandoning him. Though he escaped, he weakened and died soon after, unable to return fully to the human world.

Renyu were also known by other names, such as child-fish, reflecting both their voices and their unsettling resemblance to human infants. Some lived in rivers, others in the sea, and each variety possessed different forms and powers. All were regarded as beings that blurred the boundary between human and animal, land and water, life and death.

In legend, the renyu are reminders of a world where the natural and supernatural were deeply intertwined—where rivers spoke, fish cried like children, and the sea concealed beings who could heal, deceive, or destroy.

Gallery

Sources

Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Merfolk. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merfolk

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Henggongyu

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Tradition / Region: Chinese Mythology
Category: Fish, Shapeshifter

The Myth

In the far northern wilderness there lies a frozen lake called Shihu. For most of the year the lake is locked in ice, thawing only for fifty or sixty days around the time of the summer solstice. Within this lake lives a strange and dangerous being known as Henggongyu.

Henggongyu is said to be seven or eight feet long, shaped like a carp, and entirely red in color. During the daytime it remains hidden in the water beneath the ice. When night falls, however, it leaves the lake and transforms into a human, wandering the frozen land in human form before returning to the water by dawn.

The creature cannot be harmed by ordinary means. Needles cannot pierce it, and even boiling water cannot kill it. No matter how long it is cooked, Henggongyu survives—unless two dried plums are placed into the boiling water. Only then does the monster finally die.

Though fearsome, Henggongyu is also believed to possess powerful properties. Eating its flesh cures evil diseases, driving away illnesses caused by malignant forces. For this reason, it is both feared and sought after, a being that brings danger and healing alike.

Thus Henggongyu remains a creature of contradiction: living in a frozen lake, immune to harm, shifting between fish and human, and offering salvation only through great risk.

Gallery

Sources

Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). 橫公魚. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, from https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%AA%E5%85%AC%E9%B1%BC

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The One-Eyed Fish of Lake Plöckensteiner

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Tradition / Region: Austrian Mythology
Category: Fish

The Myth

Lake Plöckensteiner was long believed to be lifeless, a dark mountain lake where no creature could survive. Doubting this belief, a group of men once went to the lake to test it by fishing. For many hours they caught nothing, until at last one man cried out in triumph: a large fish was writhing on his line. Though they continued fishing, no other fish appeared.

As evening fell, the men decided to cook their catch. They placed the fish into a pan of water over the fire. As the water began to heat, a strange sound rose from the lake—a low murmuring that grew louder and clearer. From the depths came a voice asking, “Is everyone there?” Another voice replied, “Everyone is here—except the bull.”

Horrified, the men looked at the pan and realized the fish was still alive. Worse still, they saw that it had only one eye. Overcome with fear, they threw the fish back into the lake. At once, the voices ceased, and the lake fell silent. Terrified, the men fled home.

Another tale tells of a time long ago, when kings once gathered near the lake to mark the borders of three lands. During this age, three men came to the lake in mischief and found that fish leapt willingly into their hands—trout with glowing red mouths and bodies speckled like sparks. They caught many and placed them into pans of water over a fire.

As night fell and the moon rose, the water began to boil, yet the fish did not die. Instead, they grew lively, almost joyful. Suddenly, a great roaring arose—trees seemed to thunder, and the lake roared as though whipped by a storm. Yet the air was still, the sky clear, and the water unbroken. From beneath the lake came voices murmuring, “Not everyone is home… not everyone…”

Stricken with terror, the men threw all the fish back into the lake. Immediately, the roaring ceased. Silence returned, and the moon shone calmly above the water. The men dared not move or speak until morning, when they fled and told what had happened. Upon hearing this, the kings departed and cursed the forest, condemning the place to remain desolate forever.

Thus the lake is remembered as a place where something watches, and where not all who dwell beneath the water may safely be taken.

Gallery

Sources

SAGEN.at contributors. (n.d.). Die Fische im Plöckensteiner See. In SAGEN.at, from https://www.sagen.at/texte/sagen/oesterreich/oberoesterreich/muehlviertel/ploeckensteinersee.html

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Heluo Zhi Yu

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Tradition / Region: Chinese Mythology
Alternate Names: Heluo-fish
Category: Fish

The Myth

The Heluo Zhi Yu, or Heluo Fish, is said to live in the waters of the Tower River. It is a strange and unsettling creature, described as having one head and ten bodies, all moving together as a single being. When it cries out, its voice does not sound like a fish at all, but like the barking of a dog.

The flesh of the Heluo Fish is believed to possess powerful healing qualities. Those who eat it are said to be cured of tumors and severe internal illnesses, making it a creature both feared and sought after.

According to legend, the Heluo Fish is not bound to a single form. At times, it is said to transform into a Never-Old Bird, a mysterious creature that steals grains of rice from threshing tools. The bird flutters down into a mortar while stealing grain and dies there, completing its strange cycle of transformation.

Thus, the Heluo Fish is remembered as a being of many bodies and shifting shapes, whose presence links water, land, and air, and whose flesh holds both strangeness and healing power.

Gallery

Sources

A Book of Creatures contributors. (n.d.). Heluo-zhi-yu. In A Book of Creatures, from https://abookofcreatures.com/2019/08/26/heluo-zhi-yu/

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